The Evolution of U.S. Science and Defense Research Policies: Difference between revisions

The Evolution of U.S. Science and Defense Research Policies (edit)

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 * '''Mansfield Amendment (1970)''': This amendment reinforced the principles established in the 1969 amendment with a specific emphasis on basic research. It mandated that DoD-funded research must have a direct relationship to a specific military function or operational requirement. By further limiting DoD support for basic research, it concentrated funding on applied research with tangible military applications, solidifying the shift towards defense-oriented projects.
-* '''[[Eilberg Amendment (1976)]]''': The Eilberg Amendment modified the U.S. immigration laws to prioritize family reunification and establish a preference system for allocating visas. While primarily aimed at restructuring the family-based immigration categories, it also indirectly influenced employment-based immigration by adjusting the overall allocation of visas. The amendment set quotas and priority dates, affecting the availability of visas for high-skilled workers. Although not directly targeting science and technology sectors, its impact on the immigration landscape had repercussions for the recruitment and retention of skilled professionals in various fields, including science and technology.
+* '''[[Eilberg Amendment (1976)]]''': The Eilberg Amendment to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, while largely focused on family reunification and establishing a preference system for visa allocation, added several clauses that significantly impacted the employment-based immigration landscape. By setting quotas and priority dates, it influenced the availability of visas for high-skilled workers in the science and technology sectors. The amendment's "special handling" provisions facilitated the hiring of foreign academics, potentially disadvantaging American researchers by allowing universities to prioritize foreign candidates. By allowing universities to prioritize marginally more qualified foreign candidates, the amendment contributed to wage suppression and reduced job opportunities for domestic talent. This policy also risked stifling innovation by incentivizing the hiring of less risky, potentially less innovative candidates, thereby impacting the quality and creativity of U.S. research output.
 ===1980s===