Editing Editing the Graph

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Though the original Graph aptly describes our physical knowledge, there are some minor alterations and additions to be made for it to accurately capture the current state of fundamental physics.

[[Eric Weinstein|Eric]] has suggested several alterations, listed below:
* In (ii), “vector bundle <math>X</math>” should be changed to principal G-bundle.
* Also in (ii), “nonabelian gauge group G” should be changed to nonabelian structure group G.
* In (iii), <math>R</math> and <math>\tilde{R}</math> should be (complex) linear representations of G and so they are not equivalent.
* He mentioned that some info was not required, and that the Higgs is remarkably absent.

== Original Graph ==
The Graph is a paragraph from Edward Witten's paper [https://cds.cern.ch/record/181783/files/cer-000093203.pdf Physics and Geometry], at the bottom of page 20:
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">The Original Graph</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<blockquote style="max-width:575px; min-width:300px; font-size: 125%; background: #f3f3ff; border-color: #ddd;">
If one wants to summarize our knowledge of physics in the briefest possible terms, there are three really fundamental observations:

(i) Spacetime is a pseudo-Riemannian manifold <math>M</math>, endowed with a metric tensor and governed by geometrical laws.

(ii) Over <math>M</math> is a vector bundle <math>X</math> with a non-abelian gauge group <math>G</math>.

(iii) Fermions are sections of <math>(\hat{S}_{+} \otimes V_{R}) \oplus (\hat{S}_{-} \otimes V_{\tilde{R}})</math>. <math>R</math> and <math>\tilde{R}</math> are not isomorphic; their failure to be isomorphic explains why the light fermions are light and presumably has its origins in representation difference <math>\Delta</math> in some underlying theory.

All of this must be supplemented with the understanding that the geometrical laws obeyed by the metric tensor, the gauge fields, and the fermions are to be interpreted in quantum mechanical terms.
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>

== Edited Graphs ==
Below are modified versions of the Graph:

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Edited Graph Version 2</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<blockquote style="max-width:575px; min-width:300px; font-size: 125%; background: #f3f3ff; border-color: #ddd;">
If one wants to summarize our knowledge of physics in the briefest possible terms, there are four really fundamental observations:

1. Space-time is a pseudo-Riemannian manifold <math>M</math>, endowed with a metric tensor and governed by geometrical laws

2. Over <math>M</math> is a principal G-bundle <math>P_{G}</math> with a nonabelian structure group <math>G</math>.

3. Fermions are sections of <math>(\hat{S}_+ \otimes V_R) \oplus (\hat{S}_- \otimes V_{\tilde{R}})</math>. <math>R</math> and <math>\tilde{R}</math> are complex linear representations of <math>G</math> and thus are not isomorphic. Their failure to be isomorphic explains why the light fermions are light.

4. Yukawa couplings between the fermion field and the Higgs field endow fermions with the property of mass. Massive bosons also acquire their mass through this Higgs mechanism.

All of this must be supplemented with the understanding that the geometrical laws obeyed by the metric tensor, the gauge fields, and the fermions are to be interpreted in quantum mechanical terms.
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>


<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Edited Graph Version 1</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<blockquote style="max-width:575px; min-width:300px; font-size: 125%; background: #f3f3ff; border-color: #ddd;">
If one wants to summarise our knowledge of physics in the briefest possible terms, there are three really fundamental observations:

# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime Spacetime] is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold pseudo-Riemannian manifold] <math>M</math>, endowed with a [[metric tensor]] and governed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry geometrical laws].
# Over <math>M</math> is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_bundle principal bundle] <math>P_{G}</math>, with a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-abelian_group non-abelian structure group] <math>G</math>.
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion Fermions] are sections of <math>(\hat{S}_{+} \otimes V_{R}) \oplus (\hat{S}\_ \otimes V_{\bar{R}})</math>. <math>R</math> and <math>\bar{R}</math> are not [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism isomorphic]; their failure to be isomorphic explains why the light fermions are light.
# The masses of elementary particles are generated through the Higgs mechanism.

All of this must be supplemented with the understanding that the geometrical laws obeyed by the metric tensor, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_gauge_theory gauge fields], and the fermions are to be interpreted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics quantum mechanical] terms.
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>

== Further Resources ==

* Eric Weinstein tweeted about the paragraph [https://twitter.com/EricRWeinstein/status/928296366853328896?s=20 here].
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