Editing Eilberg Amendment (1976)

[[File:Immigration-and-Nationality-Act-Amendments-of-1976-Report-title-page.png|thumb|Title page of the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1976 Report (Eilberg Amendment)]]
The Eilberg Amendment modified the U.S. immigration laws to prioritize family reunification and establish a preference system for allocating visas. While primarily aimed at restructuring the family-based immigration categories, it also indirectly influenced employment-based immigration by adjusting the overall allocation of visas. The amendment set quotas and priority dates, affecting the availability of visas for high-skilled workers. Although not directly targeting science and technology sectors, its impact on the immigration landscape had repercussions for the recruitment and retention of skilled professionals in various fields, including science and technology.

==Key Changes in the Amendment==

The important changes in the Eilberg Amendment relevant to high-skilled immigration are quoted below. Square brackets indicate material removed by the amendment; italics indicate material added.

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3) Visas shall next be made available, in a number not to exceed 10 per centum of the number specified in section '''['''201 (a) (ii)''']''' ''201 (a) (1) or (2)'', to qualified immigrants who are members of the professions, or who because of their exceptional ability in the sciences or the arts will substantially benefit prospectively the national economy, cultural interests, or welfare of the United States'''['''.''']''' ''and whose services in the professions, sciences, or arts are souqht by an employer in the United States''.
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<blockquote>
(6) Visas shall next be made available, in a number not to exceed 10 per centum of the number specified in section '''['''201 (a) (ii)''']''' ''201(a) (1) or (2)'', to qualified immigrants who are capable of performing specified skilled or unskilled labor not of a temporary or seasonal nature, for which a shortage of employment and willing persons exists in the United States.
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<blockquote>
SECTION 212 (a) (14) OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT

SEC. 212. (a) (14) Aliens seeking to enter the United States, for the purpose of performing skilled or unskilled labor, unless the Secretary of Labor has determined and certified to the Secretary of State and the Attorney General that (A) there are not sufficient workers [in the United States] who are able, willing, qualified ''(or equally qualified in the case of aliens who are members of the teaching profession or who have exceptional ability in the sciences or the arts)'', and available at the time of application for a visa and admission to the United States and at the place '''['''to which''']''' ''where'' the alien is [destined] to perform such skilled or unskilled labor, and (B) the employment of such aliens will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of the workers in the United States similarly employed. The exclusion of aliens under this paragraph shall not '''['''to special immigrants defined in section 101(a) (27) (A) (other than the parents, spouses, or children of United States citizens or of aliens lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence),''']''' to preference immigrant aliens described in section 203 (a) (3) and (6), and to nonpreference immigrant aliens described in section 203 (a) (8)
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==Eric's Sloan Workshop Report==

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We now discuss the specific provisions added by the Eilberg amendment and the Immigration Act of 1990.

'''The Sheepherder Provision: Special Handling'''

It is a little known fact that in 1952 and 1954, congress was moved to declare a shortage of Basque Sheepherders in the western United States. Since that time, an employers association of ranchers (known as the 'Western Range Association') has enjoyed anomalous immigration privileges in recognition of the hardship posed by the alleged shortage conditions.
This would be little more than a footnote to history except that in 1976, the Association of American Universities (AAU) succeeded in inserting (almost unnoticed) a parenthetical clause into Title 8 of the U.S. Code. This clause had the effect of removing the universities from the uniform labor certification requirements and placing them within the 'Special Handling' regulation reserved for immigrant shepherds.

The result of this switch was that Universities were granted unique privileges found nowhere else in the economy. For example, qualified American researchers are distinguished in that they alone can be technically reclassified (for purposes of labor certification) as 'unavailable for work' in the event that a university succeeds in portraying a foreign applicant as even marginally more qualified.

Curiously, in recent years the AAU has claimed that labor certification meaningfully protects American researchers from unfair university hiring practices. Publicly responding to charges that universities lower their labor costs by using special immigration exemptions, AAU president Cornelius Pings wrote:

"This is simply not true. ... in most cases where foreign scientists are hired using permanent work visas, universities and businesses are required to prepare detailed labor certifications, which need to be approved by the Department of Labor before an individual can be hired. These certifications must demonstrate that the person sought is being paid at or above the prevailing wage for the position."
-Cornelius Pings, Letter to the Editor WSJ, Sept. 1996.

This is not easy to reconcile with private correspondence between the former AAU president and the sponsor of the 1976 Eilberg Amendment:

"...you have circumvented the primary rationale for denial of labor certification: that an unlimited supply of American manpower exists whose employment prospects are being usurped by alien labor."
-John Osvald, AAU President, Letter to Joshua Eilberg, Nov. 1975.

'''The Shortage Provision: "Schedule A"'''

While a sustained labor shortage may be nothing more than market pressure on employers to improve wages and working conditions, short term labor shortages can occur in skilled occupations for the duration of the time needed to train new workers. These temporary shortages could conceivably last several years in fields requiring extensive training.

Recognizing the legitimate needs of employers who on rare occasions may face such emergencies, the United States maintains a (very) short list of occupations experiencing labor shortages; this list is known as the 'Schedule A' list of shortage occupations.

Despite the unusual levels of unemployment and underemployment which currently affect young researchers, colleges and university employers have been listed on Schedule A as suffering from shortages of "college and university teachers of exceptional ability" for the last 20 years following the passage of the Eilberg amendment in 1976-77. Even more surprising is that under the provisions of 'Eilberg', colleges and universities are apparently mandated at the level of regulation to be listed as shortage afflicted in perpetuity and without regard to future labor market conditions.
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==On X==

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==References==

* [https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0055/1669712.pdf HR14535 Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1976]
* [http://users.nber.org/~sewp/references/archive/weinsteinIssuesofLegislation.pdf Issues of Legislation and Merit in Scientific Labor Markets]

==See Also==

* [[The Evolution of U.S. Science and Defense Research Policies]]
* [[Bayh-Dole Act]]
* [[Mansfield Amendment 1969]]
* [[IMMACT90]]
* [[Science, The Endless Frontier]]
* [[Science Since Babylon]]

[[Category:History]]